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So, let's go a little further on in time from the singular point. Actually, we can only think about the time after 10^-43 seconds from the beginning of universe. The Big Bang theory is based on the assumption that what is causing the speed of expansion to change, is only gravity. The Big Bang theory does not work where the theory of the speed of explosion does not work. And the place where that theory does not work is after 10^-43 seconds. Well, then what is causing the speed of expansion to change, within 10^-43 seconds other than gravity?
First let's define the word, fluctuation. When some kind of matter exists, we are able to identify that matter's place and velocity at a certain time, like watching a ball thrown by a pitcher in a baseball game and calculating the velocity at which it was thrown and the atmospheric resistance. By doing this, we can know where it would be, at what speed, several seconds later. The calculations is complicated, but it is possible to calculate.
In a microscopic world, you cannot identify where a single particle is with such definite accuracy. The particles that are smaller than atoms cannot stay at a particular place, or keep a particular velocity. This uncertainty in the microscopic world is called fluctuation, and the bigger the fluctuation the larger the uncertainty. This fluctuation grows larger if the particles are forced into a narrower space.
The amount of time from the big bang until 10^-43 seconds is called the Planck
time. The universe at 10^-43 seconds after birth has infinitely high density,
so the fluctuation of these microscopic particles grow unbelievably big. This
massive fluctuation of the particles is said to have affected the early expansion
of universe.
In early universe, even space time fluctuate too. Therefore, with the present
theory (the theory of relativity) that indicates space-time is not fluctuating,
you won't be able to know the condition during the planck time.
We will not mention it here, but nowadays, a new theory is being thought of by
the physicists who are trying to imagine the situation during the planck time.
In the beginning of the universe, there was only one force. Every process was done
by a same force. So, let's begin by explaining the four forces that resulted
from the separation.
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![]](../images/end.gif){kind=small}
The Planck Time
The singular Point
Inflation
